A．ignorant B．blindly C．a(chǎn)ssigned D．challenging E．identifying F．conducted G．committing H．conclusions I．clues J．a(chǎn)uthority K．reluctantly

In the 1960s and 1970s，classic social psychological studies were conducted that provided evidence that even normal，decent people can engage in acts of extreme cruelty when instructed to do so by others．However，in an essay published in the open access journal PLOS Biology，Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisit these studies' （1）

H

H

and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience，but enthusiasm too---（2）

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D

the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed" for conformity（一致性）．
    This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research programs （3）

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F

by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s．Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show that people （4）

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B

follow the instructions of an authority figure，and Zimbardos Stanford Prison Experiment（SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take on abusive roles uncritically．
    However，Professor Haslam，from the University of Queensland，argues that tyranny （暴行）does not result from blind conformity to （5）

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I

and roles．Rather，it is a creative act of followership，resulting from （6）

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E

with authorities who represent vicious acts as virtuous．
    "Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless people who do not know what they are doing，but rather because they come to believe--typically under the influence of those in （7）

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J

that what they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained．
    Professor Reicher，of the University of St Andrews，added that it is not that they were blind to the evil acts they were （8）

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G

，but rather that they knew what they were doing，and believed it to be right．
    These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher's own prison experiment，conducted in 2002 in cooperation with the BBC．The study generated three findings．First，participants did not automatically take their （9）

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C

role；second，they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identified with the group；and finally，group identity did not mean that people simply accepted their assigned position--it also empowered them to resist it．
    Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because criminals are helpless and （10）

A

A

；it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doing something worthy．